Сколько всего спутников на орбите земли 2018: Спутники вокруг Земли

Приехали… Число спутников разных стран на орбите 2019 г: sell_off — LiveJournal Приехали…

США — 830
Китай — 280
Япония — 75
Англия — 54
Индия — 54
Канада — 37
Германия — 29
Испания — 17

По заявлению Рогозина — на орбите осталось всего 92 российских спутника.

https://storm100.livejournal.com/7330686.html

Новость,

3 января 2020 г. 21:25
/ Пекин

Значок китайской пилотируемой программы

Отправку в космос более 40 ракет-носителей осуществит в 2020 году китайская корпорация аэрокосмической науки и технологий CASC, 3 января сообщает Синьхуа.

В прошлом году CASC удалось осуществить 27 запусков ракет-носителей и вывести на орбиту Земли 66 спутников, а в этом году китайские власти планируют отправить на Марс и на Луну зонды для взятия проб из атмосферы и грунта, закончить развертывание космической группировки китайской системы спутниковой навигации Baidou, запустить экспериментальный аппарат для спутникового интернета и вывести на орбиту еще несколько коммерческих спутников.

Для реализации своих амбициозных космических планов в Китае были разработаны три новых модификации ракеты-носителя «Чанчжэн» (Великий поход). Это «Чанчжэн-5Б», «Чанчжэн-7А» и «Чанчжэн-8».

Напомним, ракета-носитель тяжелого класса «Чанчжэн-5Б» способна выводить на орбиту Земли грузы массой до 25 тонн. Ракеты «Чанчжэн-7» и «Чанчжэн-8» являются разновидностью данной ракеты. Все они используют экологически чистое ракетное топливо — жидкий водород, жидкий кислород и керосин и превосходят российскую ракету-носитель «Протон-М», у которой максимальная полезная нагрузка составляет 21,5 тонн.

Напомним также, что строящаяся российская ракета «Ангара», которая должна полететь в космос в 2023 году, также будет способна доставлять на орбиту грузы массой до 25 тонн. Вторая очередь космодрома «Восточный» строится как раз под такой тип ракет.

https://rossaprimavera.ru/news/00b6e368

90000 How Many Man-Made Satellites Are Currently Orbiting Earth? 90001 90002 NEW YORK (AP) — The spotting of ocean debris by satellites during the search for the lost Malaysian airliner has drawn attention to those orbiting platforms. A primer on what’s in orbit, with help from Nicholas Johnson, who retired Thursday as NASA’s chief scientist for orbital debris: 90003 90002 90005 HOW MANY SATELLITES ARE UP THERE? 90006 90003 90002 About 1,100 active satellites, both government and private.Plus there are about 2,600 ones that no longer work. Russia launched the first satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957. The oldest one still in orbit, which is no longer functioning, was launched in 1958. 90003 90002 90005 HOW BIG ARE THEY? 90006 90003 90002 Size varies. Communication satellites can be as big as a small school bus and weigh up to 6 tons, the Federal Communications Commission says. Most weigh a few tons or less. Some that are used briefly are 4 inch cubes and weigh about 2 pounds. 90003 90002 90005 WHAT EXACTLY DO THEY DO? 90006 90003 90002 They have a wide variety of roles: GPS satellites aid navigation, others relay telephone or television signals, others aid in weather forecasting, national defense, science, and agriculture, as in monitoring crops and areas of drought.The Union of Concerned Scientists, a private organization that maintains a database of satellites, says about 60 percent are used for communications. 90003 90002 90023 90005 90025 Click to go to NASA’s Interactive Satellite Viewer 90026 90006 90003 90002 90005 WHERE ARE THEY? 90006 90003 90002 It depends on their use. Communications satellites relay signals from a fixed spot on the equator, about 22,000 miles up. GPS satellites are at 12,400 miles, high enough to be accessible to large swaths of the Earth.Others that need a closer look at Earth are lower. For comparison, the International Space Station is only about 260 miles high, and very few satellites are lower than that. While some satellites remain over fixed spots on Earth, others fly over both poles or can move from place to place as needed. 90003 90002 90005 HOW HAVE THEY HELPED IN THE SEARCH? 90006 90003 90002 A British communications satellite picked up signals from the plane; analysis of them led authorities to conclude that the airliner crashed in a remote area of ​​the southern Indian Ocean.This week, Thai authorities said one of their satellites spotted 300 objects that might be from the airliner. Some satellites were moved into place to look for debris. 90003 90002 90005 WHO OWNS THEM? 90006 90003 90002 Governments large and small, and private companies. More than 50 countries own a satellite or a significant share in one, according to the Union of Concerned Scientists. There are 502 active satellites with a U.S. tie; 118 for Russia and 116 for China. Thailand has four satellites and shares in another, the scientist group says.90003 90002 90005 WHAT IF THEY STOP WORKING? 90006 90003 90002 Old satellites can pose a risk for collisions with active ones, so there are rules and recommendations to avoid a buildup of junk in space. Satellites that fly below a certain height are supposed to be put in an orbit that will make them fall to Earth and burn up within 25 years. At high altitudes, they are to be boosted up to still higher orbits to get them out of the way. 90003 90002 ___ 90003 90002 Copyright 2014 The Associated Press.All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. 90003 90002 90005 The TPM Journalism Fund: 90006 A New Way To Support TPM 90003 90002 We’re launching the TPM Journalism Fund as an additional way for readers and members to support TPM. Every dollar contributed goes toward: 90003 90063 90064 -Hiring More Journalists 90065 90064 -Providing free memberships to those who can not afford them 90065 90064 -Supporting independent, non-corporate journalism 90065 90070 .90000 Where Do Old Satellites Go When They Die? 90001 90002 90003 The Short Answer: 90004 90005 90002 Two things can happen to old satellites: For the closer satellites, engineers will use its last bit of fuel to slow it down so it will fall out of orbit and burn up in the atmosphere. Further satellites are instead sent even farther away from Earth. 90005 90008 90002 Like every other machine, satellites do not last forever.Whether their job is to observe weather, measure greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, or point away from Earth to study the stars, eventually all satellites grow old, wear out, and die, just like old washing machines and vacuum cleaners 90005 90002 So what happens when a trusty satellite’s time has come? These days there are two choices, depending on how high the satellite is. For the closer satellites, engineers will use its last bit of fuel to slow it down. That way, it will fall out of orbit and burn up in the atmosphere.90005 90002 The second choice is to send the satellite even farther away from Earth. It can take a lot of fuel for a satellite to slow down enough to fall back into the atmosphere. That is especially true if a satellite is in a very high orbit. For many of these high satellites, it takes less fuel to blast it farther into space than to send it back to Earth. 90005 90015 90016 Burning metal and «spacecraft cemeteries» 90017 90002 Getting rid of the smaller satellites in low orbits is simple.The heat from the friction of the air burns up the satellite as it falls toward Earth at thousands of miles per hour. Ta-da! No more satellite. 90005 90002 What about bigger things like space stations and larger spacecraft in low orbit? These objects might not entirely burn up before reaching the ground. There is a solution-spacecraft operators can plan for the final destination of their old satellites to make sure that any debris falls into a remote area. This place even has a nickname-the Spacecraft Cemetery! It’s in the Pacific Ocean and is pretty much the farthest place from any human civilization you can find.90005 90022 90002 Spacecraft cemetery in the South Pacific Ocean, far from where anyone lives. 90005 90015 90016 «Graveyard orbits» 90017 90002 What about those higher satellites we blast farther away? Those we send into a «graveyard orbit.» This is an orbit almost 200 miles farther away from Earth than the farthest active satellites. And it’s a whopping 22,400 miles above Earth! 90005 90002 So is that the end of it for these far-away satellites? As far as you and I are concerned it is! However, some of these satellites will remain in orbit for a very, very long time.Perhaps someday in the future, humans may need to send «space garbage trucks» to clean these up. But for now, at least, they will be out of the way. 90005 .90000 SpaceX gets nod to put 12,000 satellites in orbit 90001 90002 A SpaceX Falcon 9 launches two satellites in October 2018 90003 SpaceX got the green light this week from US authorities to put a constellation of nearly 12,000 satellites into orbit in order to boost cheap, wireless internet access by the 2020s. 90004 90003 The SpaceX network would vastly multiply the number of satellites around Earth.90004 90003 Since the world’s first artificial satellite, Sputnik, was launched in 1957 humanity has sent just over 8,000 objects into space, according to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. 90004 90003 Between one quarter and one half of those are believed to still be operational. 90004 90003 On Thursday the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced it had authorized SpaceX to launch 7,518 satellites, adding to 4,425 satellites it has already approved. 90004 90003 None of the satellites has launched yet.90004 90003 Elon Musk’s company has six years to put half in orbit, and nine years to complete the satellite network, according to FCC rules. 90004 90003 SpaceX wants most of the satellites to fly in low Earth orbit, about 208 to 215 miles (335 to 346 kilometers) high. 90004 90003 That would put them below the International Space Station, which orbits about 250 miles (400 kilometers) above Earth. 90004 90003 SpaceX’s interest in such a low orbit is to shorten the communication time between internet users on Earth and space-faring satellites, speeding up surfing speeds.90004 90003 But this low altitude may be difficult to maintain and smaller satellites tend to have shorter lives than bigger ones. 90004 90003 The FCC has also authorized other companies to launch satellites, including Kepler (140 satellites), Telesat (117 satellites), and LeoSat (78 satellites). 90004 90027 SpaceX launches 10 more Iridium Communications satellites 90027 90003 © 2018 AFP 90004 90003 90032 Citation 90033: SpaceX gets nod to put 12,000 satellites in orbit (2018, November 16) retrieved 12 July 2020 from https: // phys.org / news / 2018-11-spacex-satellites-orbit.html 90004 90003 This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only. 90004 .90000 How do satellites orbit the Earth? 90001 90002 Our moon orbits the Earth in the same way satellites do. Credit: Flickr / Alexey Kljatov, CC BY-NC 90003 Take a look at the moon and it is not hard to imagine it as a planet. A 3,476 kilometres-in-diameter ball of rock, with basalt plains and mountain ranges, whose gravitational pull produces tides here on Earth. 90004 90003 Despite its vast mass and gravitational pull, the moon does an excellent job of not falling to Earth.Why? Because the moon is in orbit. 90004 90003 The concepts of gravity and orbits have been developed over centuries by legendary figures of science, including Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. 90004 90003 Satellites in orbit are routinely used for communication, imaging and navigation — yet many people do not understand how these satellites remain in space. 90004 90003 90012 Going sideways 90013 90004 90003 A common misconception about space travel and weightlessness is that they result from an absence of gravity.While the gravitational pull from the Earth decreases as one goes further into space, it never disappears entirely. Let go of a ball 100,000km above the Earth and it gradually falls. 90004 90003 How do satellites and moons stop themselves from crashing down? By going sideways. 90004 90003 Newton may not have been fun at parties, but he could create a cracking thought experiment. To illustrate the motion of satellites, he created Newton’s Cannon. 90004 90003 When you fire a cannon horizontally on Earth, the cannon ball goes some distance as it falls to the ground.Fire the cannon ball faster out of the cannon and it will travel further around the Earth before crashing. 90004 90003 What if you could fire the cannon ball at an unbelievable speed of 8 kilometres per second? The cannon ball would follow the curvature of the Earth, being pulled towards the Earth by gravity but never reaching the ground. 90004 90003 At least it would in Newton’s thought experiment, with no air resistance and a magically powerful cannon.90004 90003 90012 Going up 90013 90004 90003 Newton’s Cannon remains a thought experiment but in the 20th century it finally became possible to travel at speeds of 8 kilometres per second. Not with cannons, but with rockets. 90004 90033 In Principia Mathematica, Isaac Newton explained orbits using a thought experiment with a cannon. Credit: NASA 90003 Apart from being more comfortable than a cannon, a rocket can travel beyond 100 kilometres altitude and then accelerate to 8 kilometres per second in the emptiness of space.At that speed it takes a mere 90 minutes to circumnavigate the globe. 90004 90003 Once in orbit, the rocket motors can be switched off and a spacecraft can coast around the Earth. It’s a sci-fi myth that spacecraft plunge from orbit when their engines are switched off. 90004 90003 The Earth’s atmosphere at altitudes between 100 and 1,000 kilometres is exceptionally thin, so it takes anywhere from days to years for a spacecraft to be dragged back to Earth. 90004 90003 If you are inside a spacecraft, high above the world, gravity will pull on you and your spacecraft, and yet you would be weightless.90004 90003 Weightlessness happens whenever you are being pulled freely by gravity, without resistance (from a surface or the air). Weightlessness can even be felt without going 8 kilometres per second, at the top of a jump or the beginning of a dive. 90004 90003 90012 Going higher 90013 90004 90003 What happens if you fire up the rockets, accelerating to a speed of 10 kilometres per second? Instead of following the curvature of the Earth, your spacecraft will follow a path that takes it far away from Earth.90004 90003 As your spacecraft pulls away from Earth, it will start slowing down, both vertically and horizontally (due to the conservation of angular momentum). Eventually it will reach a peak altitude (apogee) and fall back towards the Earth, accelerating as it does. 90004 90003 The process now reverses, with the spacecraft picking up speed until it reaches a minimum altitude (perigee). The process then repeats, with the spacecraft tracing an ellipse around the Earth. 90004 90003 What happens if you fire up the rockets again, accelerating to a speed of 11 kilometres per second? Now things get interesting.90004 90003 Your spacecraft will travel away from the Earth and be slowed by gravity, but the gravitational pull of the Earth drops so rapidly that it will never stop you entirely. Your spacecraft will leave the vicinity of the Earth, to wander through our solar system. 90004 90003 90012 Staying still 90013 90004 90003 While some satellites whiz around the world in 90 minutes, others do not seem to move at all. Weather and TV satellites seem to hover above the equator. 90004 90003 These satellites are in geostationary orbits.As one orbits further from the Earth, the speed required to stay in orbit decreases and the time required to complete an orbit increases. 90004 90003 At almost 36,000km in altitude, an orbit takes a full day to circle the Earth. As the Earth spins on its axis once a day too, these satellites appear fixed in place from our (spinning) Earth-bound perspective. 90004 90003 Go even further from the Earth and orbits take even longer. The moon is a natural satellite 384,000km from Earth and takes just over 27 days to complete a single orbit.Even though the moon is travelling a kilometre every second towards the east, on the spinning Earth the moon rises in the east and sets in the west. 90004 90003 90012 Passing by 90013 90004 90003 We can actually see satellites passing overhead before dawn and after dusk, as they reflect sunlight down towards us. 90004 90003 Some satellites follow the rotation of the Earth and move from west to east. Others have orbits taking them over the poles, and travel north to south or south to north.90004 90003 Pick the right night and you will see the massive but weightless International Space Station as it circles the globe. 90004 90003 Silently the satellites pass overhead, taking a few minutes to travel from horizon to horizon. To us their passage seems quite serene, even though they are travelling many kilometres every second at altitudes of hundreds of kilometres. 90004 90082 Can light orbit a black hole? 90082 90003 90085 This story is published courtesy of The Conversation (under Creative Commons-Attribution / No derivatives).90086 90087 90088 90004 90003 90091 Citation 90092: Explainer: How do satellites orbit the Earth? (2014 року, August 11) retrieved 12 July 2020 from https: // phys.org / news / 2014-08-satellites-orbit-earth.html 90004 90003 This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only. 90004 .